06/21/2011 – Chapter1 Thru A Simple Talk

Organizational Behavior

• The study of what people think, feel and do in and around the organization
  

Why Study OB?

1. Understand Behavior
   
2. Predict Behavior
   
3. Influence Bahavior
   

ORGANIZATION

• Groups of people who work interdependently (needs each other) towards the same purpose (common goal)
  
• 2 persons is not an organization
  
• "Formal" , structured patterns of interaction
  
• Collective sense of purpose
  

TRENDS IN OB

• Globalization
  
  • Interaction from one country to another, differ in culture.
    
  • SAMPLE: McDonald, Jollibee, etc around the globe.
    
• Changing Workforce
  
  • Gender --- Since women can work already, Men must adapt to the environment. Like before ang office breaks nila kay, SUPER MANLY ang dating but now it has change, something nga mucompromise sa need sa women. J
    
  • Race/Diversity – If a certain Japanese will be assign to a US company and will imply his JapRules, bigger possibility nga US will not like it.. Still there will be a change.
    
  • Age/Generation (Baby Boomer & Generation X (still loyal pa kaayo ni sila), Generation Y)
    
• Evolving Employment Relationship
  
  • As an OB, how can you maintain everything from the flux (contractual employees)… Ofcourse doing so, you will have less regulars and you are always changing your employees – how can you maintain a good company from doing so?
    
• Virtual Work
  
  • How will working outside the company affects.
    
  • Internet/Online Jobs.
    
• Workplace Values and Ethics
  
  • Explain important/unimportant (V) and acceptable/unacceptable (E) to the employees.
    

ANCHORS OF OB

1. Multidisciplinary
   

   >It is a discipline and within it, theories and behaviors are developed yet it also includes discipline from psychology, sociology, business managements, etc.
   

2. Systematic Research
   

   >OB relies on scientific method in gathering information and data.
   

3. Contingency
   

   >No single solution will work in every situation and that organizational solutions to problems need to take the specifics of a given situation into account
   

4. Multiple Levels of Analysis
   

   >Separate ideas for Individuals, Groups and Organization
   

5. Open System
   

   >Organization and the Environment are interconnected.
   

   >Carl Rogers (ORGANISMIC idea) --- like an organism, organization needs External Materials and it produces Output/Products/Services to balance it.

06/21/2011 – CheesyLine StartingPoint

History of GUIDANCE

~20^th century contribution to education

~various factors

• Increasing number of vocational education
  
• Personal problems (both young and adult)
  

4 STAGES of GUIDANCE MOVEMENTS

• Vocational Guidance
  
  • Boys found themselves faced with problems of WHAT TYPE OF JOB they are qualified/interested
• Educational Guidance
  
  • Class advisers continue to be GUIDANCE TEACHERS w/o any training.
    
  • Advising became a routine
• Personal Guidance and Mental Hygiene
  
  • 20^th century lead to the concern to personal welfare of CHILDREN
    
  • Tried educating about mental illness
    
  • Development of COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
• Child Guidance Clinic
  
• Illinois Institute of Juvenile Research was established
  
• Studying and applying therapies to young people

EARLY PIONEERS of GUIDANCE

1. Frank Parson – Father of guidance
   
2. Lysander Richard – Vocophyl new profession; term vocation = career
   
3. Jesse Davis – Founder of EDUCATIONAL guidance
   
4. Anna Reed and Eli Weaver – Established counselling services on Darwinian concepts
   
5. David Spence Hill – Need for guidance to assist youth in assessing abilities/opportunities.
   
6. Carl Rogers – Client Centered Theory
   
7. Clifford Beers – Forerunner of mental health counseling
   
8. 
   

DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Dr. Sinforoso Padilla (UP) – establish first Psychology clinic
   
2. SY 1939-40 – Appointment of Dean of Men and Women
   
3. 1945 – First Guidance Institute Seminar facilitated by US Army Psychologist
   
4. 1951 – Need for every Secondary School for guidance
   
5. 1952 – Recommend established of Guidance Services in Public School
   
6. Dec. 1953 – Philippine Association of Guidance Counselor was organized
   

6/17/2011 – RioTJ Chemistry

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? J

>> A study of MATTER

• Structure
  
• Properties (Chemical and Physical)
  
• Composition (Atoms, molecules)
  
• Changes (Chemical Reactions)
  

Branches of Chemistry

1. Inorganic Chemistry
   
   1. All elements except CARBON
      
2. Organic Chemistry
   
   1. Study of Carbon and its compounds
      

      EXCEPT: Oxides of carbon (CO² and CO)
      

          Bicarbonates (NaHCO₃) and Carbonates (CaCO₃ – solid material in teapot, kanang kung magboil ug water)
      

3. Analytical Chemistry
   
   1. Identification of the components both QUALITATIVE¹ (description) and QUANTITATIVE² (how much) of a substance
      
      1. If you want to know if the chemical is ACID OR BASE (description)
         
      2. If you want to know how ACIDIC it is (how much)
         
4. Physical Chemistry
   
   1. Physical properties that underlie the structure and chemical transformation of matter
      
5. Biochemistry
   
   1. Chemistry of the living systems, both plants and animals.

6/17/2011 – Alphabetical Lit Arrangement ZZZ

Literature

• Litera --- Latin word meaning PRINTED MATERIAL.
  
• Imitation of life, Mirror of life ~Aristotle
  
• LIFE is THE OBJECT. -à the truth about life itself (murag mao ni ang physical attribute ang LIFE)
  
• ART. It has a FORM (thru a WRITER) and a MEDIUM (LANGUAGE)
  

Plot

• Beginning
  
• Rising Event
  
• Conflict
  
• Climax
  
• Falling Action
  
• END.
  

Purpose/Aim:

1. Entertainment/ give Pleasure
   
2. "TAUGHT"
   

How does one enjoy literature?

• Make a CONNECTION thru READING
  
  • Relate yourself in relation to the character. PRETEND.
    
  • After reading, REFLECT.
    
• Creative Responses
  
  • Reaction/ Sharing
    

Side notes:

Madame Bovary

• Gustave Flaubert's French novel of the 19^th Century
  
• It is a story of a Emma who is married to Charles but was bored to their marriage life, that's why the girl commit different affairs from different man.
  
• SUMMARY

Bovarism – term for a woman is not sexually satisfied.

Farce - Lowest form in comedy. Examples are MR. BEAN, Kanang wa kay makat.onan.

6/16/2011 – Pseudo Oral 109

History of Testing.

Rudimentary (Rough, Basic facts and principles) Testing

~2200 B.C.

• Chinese emperor had his Military officials every 3 YEARS to determine FITNESS.

~ HAN DYNASTY (202 B.C. - 200 A.D) – written exams already. 5 TOPICS:~ Civil Law, Military Affairs, Agriculture, Revenue and Geography

~1370 – Chinese examination system on it FINAL FORM.

• Preliminary examination – 1 day and 1 night (they have to write essays and composition)
  
  • 1 to 7 percent will pass to District examination
    
• District examination – 3 days and 3 nights. 1-10 percent who passed were allowed to Beijing for the final round.
  
• Only 3 percent of this FINAL GROUP passed and became MANDARINS, ELIGIBLE FOR PUBLIC OFFICE.

What makes this testing invalid?

1. Unnecessarily gruelling.
   
2. Failed to be validated their procedure
   
3. Incorporated relevant selection criteria inessential predictor for Civil Service Employment.
   
   1. Example, giving high weight to the penmanship of the candidate.
      

>>> Then it was abolished by Royal Decree in 1906.

~ Brass Testing

>Equipments: Brass instrument

>Measures: Sensory Threshold, Reaction Times/ Stimulus and Response, Sensory Discrimination

~Wilhelm Wundt (made science quantifiable)

1862 – Thought Meter (Calibrated pendulum with needles sticking off from each side, use to strike the bells.

- Observer's task: Take note of the position of the pendulum when the bells sounded.

- Wundt thought: The difference between the observed pendulum position and the actual position would provide a means of determining the swiftness of thought of the observer or measures, SPEED OF THOUGHT.

" For each person there must be a certain speed of thinking, which he can never exceed with his given mental constitution. But just as one steam engine can go faster than another, so this speed of thought will probably not be the same in all persons." ~Wundt, 1862

~Francis Galton (1884)

• Created MENTAL BATTERY TEST -- it test and measures PHYSICAL (height, weight, head length, etc) AND BEHAVIORAL DOMAINS
• He attempts to measure intellect by means of REACTION TIME and SENSORY DISCRIMINATION -- and a lot more of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.

~James McKeen Catell (1890)

• Individual differences.
• Mental test (10 item test) --- samples: Strength of hand squeeze as measured by dynamometer, time for naming colors, number of letters repeated on one hearing.
• He believed that " it is impossible to separate bodily energy from mental energy"
• He deals with Sensory discrimination and stimulus-response

~Clark Wissler (1901)

• He found very small or non-existent correlation between academic standing and the Mental tests
  
• Abandoned the use of Reaction time and Sensory Discrimination as measures of intelligence after his study.
• Shifted to ANTHROPOLOGY.

~Alfred Binet (1904)

• Binet and Simon were called to develop a test by the Minister of Public Instruction in Paris for children.

* Binet-Simon test (1905)

• 3o item test
• 50 children
• Ranged from simple sensory to complex verbal abstractions. (arranged in level of difficulty rather than the content.)
• Classification not measurement of intelligence of children (3-11 years old)
• Brief and Practical.
• Standardization -- validity and reliability.
• No scoring :(

* Revised Binet-Simon test (1908)

• 58 items from 300 items. (GiFilter juud ug tarong ;))
• 300 randomly selected children (3-13 years old)
• Order the tests according to the age level at which they were typically passed. SAMPLE: If 80-90% of the 3-year-olds passed that item, that will be a 3-year-level.
• Rough scoring system -- Using Basal age was first determine (should pass all the test first) -- then if you pass all five test above basal you ADD 1 :)

* 3rd Revision of Binet-Simon (1911)

• Each age level had exactly 5 tests
• Scale --> extended into the ADULT RANGE.
• New Scoring. --- 1/5 every correct answer to 5 questions will be added to basal age
• Mental level changed to MENTAL AGE (your score)

* Stern-Howard (1912)

• IQ = Mental age/Chronological age

* Lewis-Terman (1916)

• IQ = Mental age/Chronological age x 100
• Included smart people (3 yr.old - SUPERIOR)

6/16/2011 – Changed Chairs BioP.

Biopsychology is a branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field can be thought of as a combination of basic psychology and neuroscience.

DIVISIONS:

• Physiological Psychology
  
  • Using animals in relation to human brain
• Psychopharmacology
  
  • Deals with the usage of drugs, how does it affect the brain.
• Neurophysiology
  
  • Empirical research on the relation between brain and human cognitive, emotional, and behavioral function, Case of Phineas Gage.
    
    
    
    
• Psychophysiology
  
  • Includes studies about brain tissues and brain damage
• Cognitive Neuroscience
  
  • Study of biological substrates underlying cognition with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes.
• Comparative Psychology
  
  • Animal behaviours and drives, and its evolution.
    

Converging operations - the use of several research methods to solve a single problem so that the strengths of one method balance out the weaknesses of the others

The Importance of Converging Operations In the Study of Biopsychology

Scientific Inference - reasonable conclusions or possible hypotheses drawn from a small sampling of data, based on observations. Using humans and non-humans subjects thru advertising.

• Experiment (control environment)
• Quasi-Experiment (naturalistic setup)
• Case Study (unique cases)
• Pure Research - Seek of learning, just wanna know.
• Applied Research - For practical purposes.
• Physiological - BRAIN
• Psychological - MIND
• Nature vs. Nurture (????)

6/16/2011 -- Almost Late Guidance

Guidance

• to guide, point out, show the way or to direct.
  
• Provides assistance through a QUALIFIED and ADEQUATELY TRAINED men/women to an individual for him to manage his own life activities, develop his own point of view, make his own decisions and carry out burdens. (they just help you realize, not answer your problem)
  
• Organized set of SPECIALIZED SERVICES established as an intergral part of the school environment designed to promote the development of students and assist them towards a realization of sound wholesome adjustment and maximum accomplishments. ~Downing (1968)
  
• Personal help, assist individuals to decide where they want to go or what they would like to accomplish. ~Arthur Jones
  
• Advice to vocational or educational problems given to students. ~Merriam Webster
  

Need for Guidance

Educational Settings

• Teachers' major responsibility is to provide INSTRUCTIONS which leaves little time only to settle problems unrelated to instructional activities. (Kay ofcourse focus sila sa education, more sa other stuffs pero okay ra japon kung personal, we just have to understand.)
  
• Individual difference (Each student has his own stories, it differs jud sa kada tao)
  
• Emotional Needs of students
  

Society Settings

• Changes and Advancement of society.
  
• Rapid technological advancement and its role to the lives of people
  
• Shifts in the standard of morality and integrity and UNUSUAL DEMANDS OF YOUNG PEOPLE
  

Bases of Guidance

Philosophical

• Always have a choice; undesirable/desirable. Yet YOUR CHOICE vs. WHAT IS DESIRABLE
  
• It must be ethical and have a spiritual assurance
  

Psychological

• Awareness of individual difference
  
• Start in yourself, be aware of WHO YOU ARE.
  
• Individual abilities
  
• Apply new psychological insights
  

Sociological

• Trends and direction of society
  
• Adjust properly to social environment
  
• ARE YOU A WELL-ADJUSTED STUDENT? 1. Asset of school 2. Asset of future employers
  

Pedagogical

• Help student achieve full potential
  
• Need for well organized guidance program that targets: Teacher, Learning and Learning Process