History of Testing.
Rudimentary (Rough, Basic facts and principles) Testing
~2200 B.C.
- Chinese emperor had his Military officials every 3 YEARS to determine FITNESS.
~1370 – Chinese examination system on it FINAL FORM.
- Preliminary examination – 1 day and 1 night (they have to write essays and composition)
- 1 to 7 percent will pass to District examination
- 1 to 7 percent will pass to District examination
- District examination – 3 days and 3 nights. 1-10 percent who passed were allowed to Beijing for the final round.
- Only 3 percent of this FINAL GROUP passed and became MANDARINS, ELIGIBLE FOR PUBLIC OFFICE.
What makes this testing invalid?
- Unnecessarily gruelling.
- Failed to be validated their procedure
- Incorporated relevant selection criteria inessential predictor for Civil Service Employment.
- Example, giving high weight to the penmanship of the candidate.
- Example, giving high weight to the penmanship of the candidate.
>>> Then it was abolished by Royal Decree in 1906.
~ Brass Testing
>Equipments: Brass instrument
>Measures: Sensory Threshold, Reaction Times/ Stimulus and Response, Sensory Discrimination
~Wilhelm Wundt (made science quantifiable)
1862 – Thought Meter (Calibrated pendulum with needles sticking off from each side, use to strike the bells.
- Observer's task: Take note of the position of the pendulum when the bells sounded.
- Wundt thought: The difference between the observed pendulum position and the actual position would provide a means of determining the swiftness of thought of the observer or measures, SPEED OF THOUGHT.
" For each person there must be a certain speed of thinking, which he can never exceed with his given mental constitution. But just as one steam engine can go faster than another, so this speed of thought will probably not be the same in all persons." ~Wundt, 1862
~Francis Galton (1884)
- Created MENTAL BATTERY TEST -- it test and measures PHYSICAL (height, weight, head length, etc) AND BEHAVIORAL DOMAINS
- He attempts to measure intellect by means of REACTION TIME and SENSORY DISCRIMINATION -- and a lot more of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.
- Individual differences.
- Mental test (10 item test) --- samples: Strength of hand squeeze as measured by dynamometer, time for naming colors, number of letters repeated on one hearing.
- He believed that " it is impossible to separate bodily energy from mental energy"
- He deals with Sensory discrimination and stimulus-response
- He found very small or non-existent correlation between academic standing and the Mental tests
- Abandoned the use of Reaction time and Sensory Discrimination as measures of intelligence after his study.
- Shifted to ANTHROPOLOGY.
- Binet and Simon were called to develop a test by the Minister of Public Instruction in Paris for children.
- 3o item test
- 50 children
- Ranged from simple sensory to complex verbal abstractions. (arranged in level of difficulty rather than the content.)
- Classification not measurement of intelligence of children (3-11 years old)
- Brief and Practical.
- Standardization -- validity and reliability.
- No scoring :(
- 58 items from 300 items. (GiFilter juud ug tarong ;))
- 300 randomly selected children (3-13 years old)
- Order the tests according to the age level at which they were typically passed. SAMPLE: If 80-90% of the 3-year-olds passed that item, that will be a 3-year-level.
- Rough scoring system -- Using Basal age was first determine (should pass all the test first) -- then if you pass all five test above basal you ADD 1 :)
- Each age level had exactly 5 tests
- Scale --> extended into the ADULT RANGE.
- New Scoring. --- 1/5 every correct answer to 5 questions will be added to basal age
- Mental level changed to MENTAL AGE (your score)
- IQ = Mental age/Chronological age
- IQ = Mental age/Chronological age x 100
- Included smart people (3 yr.old - SUPERIOR)
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